Motivation Calculus Theory by Charles Handy Essay

Motivation Calculus Theory by Charles Handy - Essay Example The Charles Handy idea of organization culture fits in into the Quinn Competing Value Framework theory of 1988 developed to conduct a research for indicators of effective organization which has two variants, that of management and leadership. Quinn came up with comprehensive list of indicators that influence company success focusing dimensions with the first one relating external vs. external and the second was flexibility vs. control. The two dimensions created a quadrant grid with each quadrant representing one of the four major organization model of management i.e. human relation model, open system model, internal process model, and rational goal mode (Quinn & Rohrbaugh, 2009). In the Competing Value Framework, the four models examine how effective management plays all the roles and simultaneously balance with the competing demands of other sets of expectation. Therefore, the two perspectives have a common goal of ensuring cohesion between organization stakeholders to realize a su ccess in the organization objective.Charles Handy organizational culture is discussed under the four categories of culture and depicts a correlation in objective to the Quinn Competing Value Framework expounded in the four models. Handy’s power model of culture assumes that organization power of an organization power remains in a few individuals within the organization and they have authority to decision making. ... Such people delegate duties and responsibilities to their subordinate who have limited or no option other than to strictly adore their superiors’ instructions. In such a culture, employees have restricted liberty to share their ideas or views on open forums and can follow instruction given to them (Amos & al, 2009). Similarly, the other hand, Quinn in his human relation model view managers as the source of authority and should ensure control and cohesion of the subordinates managing interpersonal conflicts. However, Quinn assumes the manager as a facilitator should encourage teamwork cooperating human resource and mentoring in approachable manner, taking them not as isolated individuals but engage them in the development of workforce through training, care, and empathy. The two theorists have an agreement in sense that, for success of an organization, there have to be a central source of authority to manage the human resource and the activities to achieve objectives. When Quin n in his Open System model view people should not be controlled but inspired, likewise Charles Handy in Task Culture agree people in an organization can deliberately work as a team with common interest to achieve their target. Open System Model take note on those organizations are established by people and exists in an environment in which it have to adapt to changes. The people forming the human resource should be responsible and read to grow in their different field to facilitate effectiveness in their work (Black, 2003). Quinn also asserts that the organization will depend on external support to acquire necessary resources for production. These processes lead to

Mexican Americans and Presidential Elections Essay Example for Free

Mexican Americans and Presidential Elections Essay The United States has generally been a neutral country in its history. However, in 1914, the country was plunged into World War I after being provoked by many attacks. One of many small attacks included â€Å"accidentally† sinking a United States ship that was exporting goods to other England. After the sinking of the Lusitania, once the world’s largest ship, by German U-boats, the United States leaders knew it was time to join the war. Shortly afterwards, United States intervention helped the Allies, mainly France, the United Kingdom, and Russia, end the war, but the country ended up many lives, around one hundred-thousand. While casualties were low in the United States compared to other countries, the country still did not want to suffer more losses. Therefore, the United States went into a state of isolationism following World War I. After 25 years of peace, a second war, World War II, became another prominent issue for the United States. Like the first war, The United States was again provoked into war. On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, killing over two thousand civilians. Unlike the first war, the United States decided to quickly join its allies after the bombing rather than waiting to be attacked multiple times. The country again plunged into war, but this time, it was in the war for a much larger period of time compared to the first war. As World War II was a bigger war compared to its predecessor, more soldiers were needed to fight. With more soldiers needed to fight in the war, many people had to leave work to defend their country. This meant that jobs would have many open positions, and this wasn’t good for the economy. In order to fill the spots, the United States invited Mexican Americans to fill in the jobs that had been neglected due to war. The program that was then started was the Bracero Program, which was a program started in 1942 to hire temporary workers from Mexico until the war ended and the people returned home. Soon, over one hundred-thousand contracts were signed to get more Mexican American workers to work in the United States. After the war ended, many of the Mexican Americans were deported back to Mexico. However, because they had a taste of having a real job with real benefits, many wanted to return the United States. Therefore, after World War II had ended, many Mexican Americans began to immigrate to the United States, thereby raising the Mexican American population. With a slowly increasing Mexican American population, there will be more political influence in that group. Specifically, as time progresses, the Mexican American population will accelerate in growth, exponentially raising their political influence. This research paper aims to determine how the political influence of the Mexican American group has changed from 1960, when the population was not growing so quickly, to 2012, when the population growth is more prominent. Because Mexican Americans were given a taste of America, many of them wanted to come to the United States even after being deported. Because the Mexican American voting percentage was low in the 1960 presidential election, one could assume that the Mexican American vote wouldn’t affect the election, but with Kennedy winning by such a narrow margin and with a large percentage of Mexican Americans that voted for Kennedy, he won by the narrow margin because of the Mexican American vote. The election was extremely close with â€Å"Kennedy winning by a plurality of only 144,673 votes† (Schmal). Kennedy got just enough votes to surpass his incumbent. Due to the increasing amount of Mexicans coming into the country and being able to vote, more Mexicans were able to vote for Kennedy although it was just enough for Kennedy to win. Also, â€Å"Kennedy, who received about 85% of the national Hispanic vote,† was able to barely squeeze a victory by having Mexican American supporters (Schmal). With such the limited number of Mexican American voters, Kennedy having the majority barely helped put him ahead of Nixon to win the election. So in the end, without the Mexican American vote, Kennedy could have lost that presidential election; he could have lost thousands of potential votes due to the 85% of the Hispanic population that voted for him. One can see that the presence of Mexican American voters helped Kennedy win his election, but Kennedy didn’t exactly try to gain the Mexican American vote through his policies. What this means is Kennedy didn’t single out a specific group of people to help in the United States. All of Kennedy’s policies were intended to help everyone no matter what race, gender, or religion you were. The Mexican Americans that voted for Kennedy, therefore, simply liked his campaign for the nation. In more recent decades, the Mexican American population has transgressed. According to the Pew Research Center, â€Å"in the decade from 2000 to 2010, the Mexican-American population grew by 7. 2 million as a result of births and 4. 2 million as a result of new immigrant arrivals,† so we know that more Mexican Americans are populating the country from births (The Mexican-American Boom). This also means that throughout the 1940s to now, more Mexican Americans have been populating the United States in order to have more births take place in the United States. Also, this 11. 6 million total increase of Mexican Americans is only comprised of newcomers. Compared to 1960, there was quite a large number of Mexican Americans in the United States during the 2012 presidential election. Also, according to the United States Census, the total population of citizens is 262,856,643. Knowing that the population that is able to vote and the Mexican-American population, one can assume that the vote of the Hispanic population is crucial for the victory of a candidate. With a large Mexican American population, there is, of course, more political influence from the group. However, Obama and Romney had different strategies when it came to appealing to the Mexican Americans. One major thing Romney said was that â€Å"had [my father] been born of Mexican parents, Id have a better shot of winning this† in a secretly recorded video in the home of a private donor for a fundraiser (Llenas). He clearly believes if he were Latino, winning would be easier for him. This obviously offended many Latinos, and anyone who is offended by someone would think twice about voting for a man who has a demeanor that basically offends oneself. Romney saying this considerably hurt his campaign with regard to the Latino vote and, subsequently, the Mexican American vote. These types of comments are very sensitive because many are proud of their heritage and background. Even if not many Mexican Americans were offended, other citizens might have felt bad because Romney did not want to be part of his own race. Although it might have been a joke, a candidate must watch his or her public image at all times. However, Obama took a different approach with the Latino population. Obama knew the Latino vote was crucial, and he even stated: â€Å"I will just be very blunt. Should I win a second term, a big reason I will win a second term is because the Republican nominee and the Republican Party have so alienated the fastest-growing demographic group in the country, the Latino community† (Abdullah). Obama is showing that he knows how big of an influence the Mexican American voters will have. Obama also knows Romney made a mistake when he did nothing to appeal to the group. What’s more, Obama also issued an act: the DREAM Act. This Act allowed illegal individuals to reside in the United States so long as the individuals are working or going to school. Because Obama was more sensitive to the Mexican American population, Obama easily got the majority vote for the Mexican American population, leaving Romney in the dust, and the results of the whole presidential election show this: Obama won the election. Millions of Mexican Americans voted â€Å"with resounding 71 percent support for Obama† because Obama has shown patronage to Spanish people (Siegel). By empathizing with the Mexican Americans, Obama clearly showed he cared more about them than Romney. With the presence of Mexican American voters, Obama easily won the 2012 presidential election. One could see that during this presidential election, the Mexican American voting percentage for the nation was less than three percent. However, if one was to look at the Mexican American voting percentage during the 2012 presidential election in the United States between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney, it would be around twelve percent. Thus, the percentage of Mexican American voters has been increasing throughout the years; therefore, Mexican Americans have more influence power because more are coming with more political power for the group. Comparing the 1960 presidential election to the 2012 presidential election, one can see big differences. First, the percentage of Mexican American voters in 1960 was a mere 3 percent compared to the rather large 12 percent in only 2010 while the population was still growing due to more births (Schmal). From this, one can conclude that the Mexican American vote in 2012 had more influence on the presidential election than the 1960 presidential election. What’s more is that Kennedy, the winner of the prior election, had not done much in order to get any Mexican American votes while Obama clearly had policies, like the DREAM Act, passed to help with the percent of Mexican American votes he had. Therefore, by comparing these two presidential election results and statistics, one can see that with more Mexican Americans voting, it’s imperative for the presidential candidate to sway the Mexican American voters in order to have a better chance of winning the election.

The Book Lolita Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Vladimir Nabokov

Lolita The book Lolita is a highly controversial novel written by Vladimir Nabokov. Lolita tells the story of a man, Humbert Humbert, and his utter infatuation with a young â€Å"nymphet† named Lolita. The book and subsequent film adaptations, specifically Stanley Kubrick’s 1962 adaptation and Adrian Lyne’s 1997 adaptation aim to create a feeling of sympathy for the protagonist, Humbert Humbert. Through the use of first person narration, Humbert Humbert is able to manipulate readers with simple inaccuracies, making him an unreliable narrator. The term unreliable narrator was famously coined by Wayne Booth in Rhetoric of Fiction. Booth defines the reliable and unreliable narrator in the following way: â€Å"I have called a narrator reliable when he speaks for or acts in accordance with the norms of the work (which is to say the implied author’s norms), unreliable when he does not† (158-59). In other words, when a narrator expresses values and perceptions that strikingly diverge from those of the implied author he is deemed unreliable. Moreover, once a narrator is deemed unreliable, then this unreliability will be consistent throughout the work, according to Booth (158). When a narrator is unreliable, there is a conflict between the narrator’s presentation and the rest of the narrative, which makes readers suspect his sincerity. There are three sources of unreliability; the narrator’s limited knowledge, his personal involvement, and his questionable morals. When narrators display a personal involvement the story, they portray characters or events in a subjective way Lastly, if the implied author does not share the narrator’s moral values then his morals are considered questionable. If they do share moral values then the narrator is un... ...asserting his claims of illness. The notion of an unreliable narrator can also be seen in Kubrick’s 1962 Lolita. There are ways in which Kubrick plays with the gap between perception and reality. There is a quite masterful moment when Charlotte, Lolita’s mother and recently Humbert’s wife, discovers Humbert’s true desires upon reading his journal. Humbert, believing Charlotte to be upstairs, yells bald-faced lies at the ceiling while he prepares his wife a conciliatory martini. He then receives a phone call telling him that Mrs. Humbert has been struck by a car. The timing is set up so perfectly that it seems ridiculous to us, too, that Charlotte, who was last seen fleeing into her room, could have just been killed, yet she was. However, Kubrick’s film provides an objective view of the events occurring in the novel by refusing to rely heavily upon voiceover. â€Æ'

An Annotation of Anne Bradstreets In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet :: Memory My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet

An Annotation of Anne Bradstreet's In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet This poem is a firsthand account of how Anne Bradstreet was feeling when she experienced the loss of her granddaughter, Elizabeth. Although Bradstreet's attitude on Elizabeth's death seems to reflect her belief in God's plan, the diction suggests otherwise. In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet, Who Deceased August, 1665, Being a Year and Half Oldby Anne Bradstreet 1 Farewell dear babe, my heart's too much content, Farewell sweet babe, the pleasure of mine eye, Farewell fair flower that for a space was lent, Then ta'en away unto eternity. Blest babe, why should I once bewail thy fate, Or sigh thy days so soon were terminate, Sith thou art settled in an everlasting state. 2 By nature trees do rot when they are grown, And plums and apples thoroughly ripe do fall, And corn and grass are in their season mown, And time brings down what is both strong and tall. But plants new set to be eradicate, And buds new blown to have so short a date, Is by His hand alone that guides nature and fate. Bradstreet begins the poem by describing how she felt for her granddaughter, and this is seen in the way she describes Elizabeth as a "babe" and "flower." In phrases such as "my heart's too much content" and "the pleasure of mine eye," it is quite clear that she felt deeply for the little girl. It is obvious that a grandmother would be deeply saddened by the loss of her grandchild. However, the poem shifts focus from what Elizabeth meant to her grandmother to how Bradstreet sees this death. The repetition of "farewell" emphasizes the tragedy of the situation and solidifies the fact that she is gone. She continues to say goodbye as though this little girl died before she should have. This declaration continues when Bradstreet describes her as a "fair flower that for a space was lent." In using the word "lent," it sounds as though the girl was robbed of the fullness of life and never had the opportunity to live. But who decides who gets to live? God. What Bradstreet is really saying is that God didn't let her granddaughter live, and, resultantly, she is marking his decision as a mistake by complaining about it. This is not characteristic for one of such alleged concrete beliefs in God. The fact that Bradstreet mentions that she should not complain of the loss because she is in "an everlasting state" questions her religious sincerity.

Stakeholders in Health Reform

When talking about healthcare reform, one must always think about the stakeholders. Stakeholders are â€Å"people and organizations that have a stake (interest) in what a healthcare organization does and that could affect the healthcare organization† (Olden, 2011). There are many different stakeholders in our case study but we will focus on the main ones. In Massachusetts, the Massachusetts Health Care Reform Act had a considerable impact on hospitals and the health care system.Most community health centers were benefiting from coverage expansions and safety net hospitals were struggling financially due to the fact that the state put more funding towards insurance subsidies to expand coverage. Academic medical centers (AMC) were able to command higher prices and attract more patients from community hospitals due to the fact that policy makers kept putting off making decisions about slowing the growth of healthcare spending.AMCs â€Å"received the highest payment levels and we re able to negotiate the largest percentage increases, which increased the spending trends and widened the disparities between have and have-not providers in the market. † The more prestigious, big name hospitals had more power and thus could exercise more leverage. AMCs also expanded to the suburbs, which posed a considerable amount of threat to community hospitals by â€Å"raising the rates paid for services delivered in community settings and by increasing the number of referrals to downtown AMCs, which command the highest rates. Physician/ providers who owned free-standing, ambulatory centers had been approaching hospitals with offers to sell their facilities due to the fact that they were becoming less profitable due to â€Å"updated fee schedule and more aggressive health plan utilization management. † Physicians were also aligning themselves with hospitals and other larger practices. Small practices risked losing a large share of their patient panels if they dro pped out of health plan networks.The impact on the smaller, less prestigious hospitals/ healthcare systems were definitely negative, while the impact on larger, more prestigious hospitals/healthcare system seemed considerably more positive and beneficial. In regards to employers, according to the Massachusetts Health Care Reform Act (the Act), on July 1, 2007, Massachusetts employers with 11 or more full-time employees working in Massachusetts had three principal obligations. First, Massachusetts employers had to either make a â€Å"Fair and Reasonable Premium Contribution to heir employees' health care premiums or make a contribution to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts of up to $295 per year per employee. Second, Massachusetts employers had to establish a cafeteria plan for their employees under Section 125 of the Internal Revenue Code. Finally, every employer was required to report whether the employer has offered to pay for-or to arrange for-health care insurance coverage and w hether the employee has accepted or declined it† (James, 2007). If employers did not comply, they would face hefty fines.A provision of the Act was the merger of the small group and individual or non-group insurance markets, which was designed to make premiums more affordable for individuals. Small group premiums actually increased by 2. 6%. â€Å"The premiums of small employers had increased substantially since the merger of the small group and individual health insurance markets† (case study). Employers who were merged into the small group and non-group market â€Å"felt the impact of rising premiums because they were now subsidizing individuals in that market† (case study).Large employers didn’t really feel any impact except for the hassle for complying with the reporting requirements. Smaller employers usually didn’t have the manpower to guide them through the Act’s requirements, which put them at a higher risk of not being compliant. Ove rall though, compliance became a lot more challenging and â€Å"annoying† for employers. Insurance providers are also â€Å"major† stakeholders in healthcare policy and decision-making.Though they can be very influential in the healthcare policy and law decision-making process, they also are probably the most vilified. In Massachutettes, health plans wanted to eliminate â€Å"continuous open enrollment, assess the full annual penalty for any significant period of continuous un-insurance, impose waiting periods for certain services and bar consumers from buying in the merged market if they had access to employer sponsored coverage† (case study). Doing these things, the insurance companies hoped to lower premiums.Bill 2585 did pass but the law did not go as far as the insurance companies had hoped. It only â€Å"limited open enrollment in the merged market to twice a year in 2011 and once a year after that† (case study), which didn’t really help much . Due to loss in the small market group in 2009, health plans â€Å"planned double digit premium increases in 2010† (case study), but the government stepped in and put a stop to it. Even though the big name hospitals were driving up cost, the insurance companies were seen as the bad guys.This caused local plans to â€Å"record sizable operating losses for the first quarter of 2010 and had to draw on reserves to cover expected losses resulting from the rate rollbacks† (case study). The insurance companies, especially the smaller ones, suffered financially. The most important stakeholder in the healthcare policymaking is probably the patient. In Massachusetts, the Act provided â€Å"nearly universal health insurance coverage† (case study). In 2009 the uninsured dropped from 8. 2% to 2. 7%. People who had previously been uninsured and had no way to get proper healthcare, could now do so.There were some issues though. According to the Act, â€Å"the youngest and he althiest could avoid being the merged risk pool by purchasing less expensive coverage in a separate young adult market or by remaining on their parent’s plan until they turn 26† (case study). This was good for those patients but for others, it was a big issue because it was causing premiums to increase. Freestanding, ambulatory centers were being sold to hospitals. This increased the rates paid for services delivered at these facilities.Patients who â€Å"were covered by employer-sponsored insurance can buy short-term policies so that they can get access to treatments which are not usually covered in their regular plans† (case study). This is known as jumping in and out. Jumping in and out of these short-term plans caused premiums for other patients to up, which was one of the big issues that health plans wanted to resolve. Policymakers also proposed provider rates or giving the state the authority to tie provider rate increases to medical inflation in order to c ontain cost but nothing really came of that.There are many stakeholders involved in healthcare reform in Massachusetts. These included patients, hospitals and health systems, employers and insurance providers. There are of course other stakeholders that are on a smaller scale, such as medical equipment providers, healthcare advertisers and so forth but we wanted to focus on the major ones. Works Cited: James, L. H. , ; Rebecca, F. A. (2007). The massachusetts health care reform act: What employers need to know. Employee Benefit Plan Review, 61(12), 17-19. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/216889767? accountid=10559.

Free Essays on Interpetation Of Blakes Poems

The Human Abstract Blake’s poem, The human abstract, is a touching poem which attributes selfishness, cruelty, and other flaws on human nature. Blake goes on show how change can come about through finding of god. Once god is found, and holy fear sets in, the actions of deceit change and humility takes root. The poem starts with a series of short lessons. â€Å"Pity would be no more, if we did not make somebody poor; he continues â€Å"And mercy no more could be, if all were as happy as we.† Blake’s poem suggests human nature is responsible. By stealing, we are responsible for making people poor and by deceit we cheat people out of happiness. Blake’s poem follows up with more human flaws, â€Å"Then cruelty knits a snare, and spreads his baits with care.† This means to say if one holds a grudge, the negative feeling will eventually lead to expression through action. This yet again demonstrates the human nature. Blake, after exposing human sinful nature now comes to shows us the path of change through the fear of god. Blake now illustrates a person hitting bottom and discovers holy fears. â€Å"He sits down with holy fears, and waters the ground with tears; then humility takes its root underneath his foot.† Once he discover god he repents and humility takes root. This is to say one realizes his behavior and changes is unholy actions. He then goes on to say how one is mystified by God. â€Å"Soon spreads the dismal shade of mystery over his head; and the caterpillar and fly feed on the mystery.† This passage illustrates clearly the mystery of god by how a caterpillar transforms to a butterfly. There’s a simple lesson Blake is trying to teach us through this his poem. That is that people are really good. It’s just Human nature that sometimes leads us astray to fulfill our own selfish needs. Once we realize there’s a god and that he watches our every action, only then will the holy fear set in and bring about a... Free Essays on Interpetation Of Blakes Poems Free Essays on Interpetation Of Blakes Poems The Human Abstract Blake’s poem, The human abstract, is a touching poem which attributes selfishness, cruelty, and other flaws on human nature. Blake goes on show how change can come about through finding of god. Once god is found, and holy fear sets in, the actions of deceit change and humility takes root. The poem starts with a series of short lessons. â€Å"Pity would be no more, if we did not make somebody poor; he continues â€Å"And mercy no more could be, if all were as happy as we.† Blake’s poem suggests human nature is responsible. By stealing, we are responsible for making people poor and by deceit we cheat people out of happiness. Blake’s poem follows up with more human flaws, â€Å"Then cruelty knits a snare, and spreads his baits with care.† This means to say if one holds a grudge, the negative feeling will eventually lead to expression through action. This yet again demonstrates the human nature. Blake, after exposing human sinful nature now comes to shows us the path of change through the fear of god. Blake now illustrates a person hitting bottom and discovers holy fears. â€Å"He sits down with holy fears, and waters the ground with tears; then humility takes its root underneath his foot.† Once he discover god he repents and humility takes root. This is to say one realizes his behavior and changes is unholy actions. He then goes on to say how one is mystified by God. â€Å"Soon spreads the dismal shade of mystery over his head; and the caterpillar and fly feed on the mystery.† This passage illustrates clearly the mystery of god by how a caterpillar transforms to a butterfly. There’s a simple lesson Blake is trying to teach us through this his poem. That is that people are really good. It’s just Human nature that sometimes leads us astray to fulfill our own selfish needs. Once we realize there’s a god and that he watches our every action, only then will the holy fear set in and bring about a...

According to the traditional German view

According to the traditional German view, German unification was achieved in 1871 as a result of the actions of one great man, Otto von Bismarck, the Minister-President of Prussia, who planned the events leading to unification in detail. However, more recent historians have argued that Bismarck had no such ``master plan''. Instead, Bismarck's success was a result of his flexibility as a statesman, combined with the advantages Prussia enjoyed both in its resources and its diplomatic situation, the latter of which was improved by the mistakes and misjudgements of others. There were essentially two halves to Bismarck's supposed master plan: defeat Austria, keeping her as an ally by treating her leniently, and defeat France. Defeating Austria required the neutrality of France and Russia, and a way in which to trick Austria into declaring war with Prussia, so that Austria would appear to be to blame. According to the traditional view, Bismarck planned ways in which to carry this out. Originally it was said that Bismarck's handling of the rebellion in Russian Poland resulted in Russian neutrality: the rebellion was a potential threat to Russia, so Bismarck offered the Tsar military help, thereby gaining Russia's friendship. However, this was not entirely the case, and Bismarck almost ruined the good diplomatic position he had inherited: There was almost a French, British and Austrian alliance of liberal opposition against Prussia over the matter, and Russia resented Prussian interference. In the end, Russia's friendship with Prussia remained intact, and the Prussian benefit was that Austria's relations with Russia had worsened over Austrian opposition to Russia's Polish policy. Furthermore, this could not have been part of a master plan since Bismarck had no way of knowing about the rebellion in advance. It is more likely that Bismarck was simply following Prussia's Polish policy, and his ability to lie low in order to prevent any f...

The Voice of Greenpeace essays

The Voice of Greenpeace essays The text provided, titled Letter to Greenpeace Supporter takes shape in the form of a personal letter, for the purpose of finalizing a complete ban on driftnet fishing. Greenpeace believe they must succeed in their efforts to completely ban driftnet fishing as a means to preserve marine life. The letter is composed of statistical evidence supporting the authors argument that driftnet fishing is extraordinarily detrimental to the oceans ecosystem, and many of its inhabitants. The authors use of persuasive techniques such as the tones of intimacy towards the reader (A Greenpeace supporter), and compassionate positioning for the endangered sea creatures are an effective way to position the reader to seriously consider the danger of driftnet fishing. The text clearly states that driftnet fishing has, and will continue to wreak havoc on our environment and marine life. The argument presented by the author is irrefutable in order for the devastation to stop, drastic changes must take place. It cannot be denied that driftnet fishing is harmful to many more sea creatures than intended. ... Greenpeace divers and officials, who monitored the catch on the surface as the nets were hauled in, counted 1,419 tuna, five sunfish, six sharks, seven dolphins and 31 miscellaneous creatures. Vernon, L. K. (1990, April 15). The article itself states that in 1990, over forty-one million non-target sea creatures were killed by a Japanese driftnet squid fishery in the North Pacific, all from just one fleet in one season alone. Four hundred and six of these sea creatures were a threatened and endangered species. In 2002 - the year the letter was written - Greenpeace had been fighting against driftnet fishing for twenty-seven years, successfully banning driftnet fishing in Australian, American, and South Pacific waters. The authors argument against the death trap that is driftnet fishing is captivat...

WTO effect on Taiwan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

WTO effect on Taiwan - Essay Example (Antkiewicz, 2004) In other words, the more internationalized the financial markets and the more liberalized the capital account, the more challenges the autonomy of monetary policy have faced. In fact, financial internationalization underlay both the Latin American financial crisis happening earlier and the East Asian crisis a few years ago. Experts and scholars, by drawing important lessons from financial crises, have, retrospectively, advocated a progressive approach rather than an aggressive one to financial internationalization. They have singled out relaxation of capital account controls as the bottom-line defensive measure and have even viewed a certain degree of re-regulation as necessary in the aftermath of financial liberalization and internationalization. (Cai, 2005) By doing so, the negative impact of rapid and large-scale international capital movements on a countrys economy can be minimized. Generally speaking, financial liberalization includes cross-border flows of funds, personnel and commodities. In addition to opening the capital account, it also includes expanding offshore business, establishing foreign exchange call-loan markets, and allowing foreign bank operations and branches. The following phenomena, which are independent in itself but not exclusive of each other, illustrate the connotation of financial internationalization: 1) The restrictions on the currency exchanges and other international financial activities of residents and non-residents (including individuals, corporations and financial institutions) are relaxed Domestic banks are allowed to establish overseas branches. Domestic corporations can raise funds by issuing corporate bonds overseas or by investing overseas. Foreign banks and corporations are also permitted to conduct reciprocal financial businesses locally. (Weixing, 2006) 2) International capital movements

NURSE PRESCRIBING (the subject area is HEALTH VISITING) Essay

NURSE PRESCRIBING (the subject area is HEALTH VISITING) - Essay Example The actions that has been taken so far should also be recorded and any kind of medication that the Kellie may have received. When the drug history is being recorded, there should be a reference on any OTC and any other therapies that Kellie could have used before. These are like the herbal or the homeopathic remedies. It may hard for Shelly to give this information as some of the remedies used may not appear to have any effect. Thus making her understand what is means of alternative therapies is important. At this point it is important to note of any drug allergies that Kellie could have and they be noted in her notes. When Shelly presents the condition of her child, it is imperative to bear in mind that alternative treatment options ought to be taken into consideration prior to writing a prescription. With this, there are things that need to be considered. The first thing is the diagnostic recognized? The symptoms that appear in Kellies have to be assessed so as to be sure of the diagnostic. In the case of Kellie, the presence of egg cases discarded on the head ought to be investigated. These usually attach themselves on the shaft of the hair, and they remain even after the head lice have cleared. These however may not assure the presence of head lice. Thus one should continue and look for at least the presence of a head louse. The other thing that should be considered is if a GP referral is shown. In the case of Kellie there was no referral that was present. The nurse also ought to consider if any prescription is required at all. This can only be given in cases where the need is genuine. It should be born in mind that some patients may want to get a prescription for some other reasons other than to get treated for their illnesses. Thus before the nurse prescribes any medication for Kellie should make sure that she is infested with head lice and that she does not want to gain her mother’s attention. The health visitor should also do a physical

BYD Company analyse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

BYD Company analyse - Essay Example Furthermore, the organisation has also marked its presence in the automobile industry during the year 2003 and since, then this Strategic Business Unit (SBU) has witnessed a robust growth. In the current day context, the organisation has also earned the reputation of being the fastest growing automobile organisation during the last few years. It also has been the global pioneer in manufacturing energy vehicles, which includes pure electric models and Dual Mode electric models (BYD Company Limited 2015). In is also worth mentioning that the organisational growth is largely because of the development of Research and Development (R&D) team of the organisation. The R&D team of the organisation has largely contributed in the development of energy storage system, LED lighting, and solar energy products, amongst others (BYD Company Limited 2015). Contextually, the objective of the current study is to prepare a business report that would guide the organisation in effective expansion in the c ontinent of Europe by targeting the car market operating in Germany. Analysis of the macro and microenvironment of European hybrid-car industry is extremely important for the current study. However, in the study special emphasis is provided to the German market. In order to conduct effective environment analysis, PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces analysis are considered most suitable to increase the transparency and ensure effective development. Therefore, the underlying subheads address the analyses of the external as well as internal environment using these marketing tools. Alike most of the nations in Europe, Germany is also a democratic nation. It is notable that the political environment of Germany along with other nations of Europe is mostly stable. This considerably encourages investors from different nations to invest in European nations including Germany (Jerez-Mir and Vazquez 2009). Besides these, it is notable that the governments of

The Individual American Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Individual American Experience - Essay Example Ortiz expounds on the influence of language in forming one's identity in an essay called "The Language We Know." In it, he counters the notion that English is only unifying factor in the American Experience. Ortiz was raised in an Acoma-speaking family. The power of these years upon his creative self-concept is clear. Ultimately; he defines "American" as some permutation of pretense and dispossession. He recalls his father's skill as stoneworker with sandstone and mud to build pueblos - the time, persistence, patience, and the belief that the walls might stand forever (188). He believed working with his father influences his writing (189). Both are methods of continuity. Both are ways in which a people may hold near to themselves (187). Although writing is his profession, building is always his trade. McBride challenges common and popular notions of insular identities based on simplified racial categories in his book called The Color of Water: a Black Man's Tribute to His White Mother. He counters the notion that racial difference is the defining factor in the African American experience. His dominant narrative is that of self-discovery through the rediscovery of ancestry. Ultimately; he defines "American" as a combination of eclecticism and hardship. This book is written uniquely. Chapter by chapter, it toggles between his mother's experiences of growing up in America with his own. His mother details the strict rules of Orthodox Judaism and how they affected her (16). Although his mother is white, she lives in a black world and refuses to acknowledge her whiteness (37). James lives in a home of "orchestrated chaos" (66). He sees his house as a combination three-ring circus and zoo. He describes some of his siblings - his sister Helen, the rebel; Rosetta, the resident queen of th e house; his brother Dennis, the civil rights activist and artist with aspirations of becoming a doctor. The whites at his mother Ruth's school hated Jews, and in public, James becomes ashamed of his white mother (98). 1n 1941, Ruth's Bubeh died. Ruth decided to return to New York (155). Her father tried to get her to stay; she refused. He told her that if she married a black man, she could never come home again. In 1992, while standing in front of a synagogue in Suffolk, James acknowledges his own connection to the synagogue and to Judaism (189). Abu-Jaber reveals tensions between American and Jordanian cultures in a work called The Language of Baklava: a Memoir. In it, she counters the notion that one Americanizes in some sterile standardized way. For example, her father learns to hail strangers greeting men and women alike with the same greeting: "Hey, bud!" As such, she I grows up thinking of all Americans as Bud (34). Abu-Jaber tells the story of growing up in upstate New York with periodic transplants to Jordan. Her dominant narrative seems to be stories of being raised by a food-loving Jordanian father and Bedouin tents. She completes her work with recipes illuminating American and Jordanian and painting the complex portrait of her displaced father who cooked as a method of continuing the past with the present. Ultimately; she defines "American" as being like her father's relationship with food. His daughters knowing how to feed themselves and others in ways that help define them as people. Drawing from my own personal

Zoo Activity at The Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens Essay

Zoo Activity at The Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens - Essay Example 1. Gorilla - Gorilla gorilla They are regarded as the largest of all living primates. They have been found to confine largely to the forested regions of central Africa. Two varieties: highland and lowland. They show marked SEXUAL DIMORPHISM. Males weigh up to 400 pounds and females at 200 pounds. Weight makes them semi-QUADRUPEDAL knuckle walkers and majorly terrestrial. Family groups comprise of one or more large silverback males, a few females and sub-adult offspring. They are gentle and shy vegetarians. However, when provoked males will attack to defend their group (Groves, Wilson, and Reeder, 123-129). The majority of gorillas in zoos are western gorilla Gorilla gorilla. The Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens had a gorilla with brownish-gray pelage color with reddish highlights. The male weighed around 140 kilograms while the female weighed around 75 kilograms. Its locomotion was quadrupedally, with a special kind of quadrupedal gait called knuckle-walking (Fleagle, 148). The gorilla has a polygynous mating system and unimale social system. Both the female and male gorillas emigrated from the NATAL GROUPS (Larsen 124). Immature gorillas spent much of their time playing, resting and GROOMING each other showing true ALTRUISM for about 20 minutes, although they tended to groom direct siblings. The silver-back male made roars to show stress or threat making the group to hide.

The Individual American Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Individual American Experience - Essay Example Ortiz expounds on the influence of language in forming one's identity in an essay called "The Language We Know." In it, he counters the notion that English is only unifying factor in the American Experience. Ortiz was raised in an Acoma-speaking family. The power of these years upon his creative self-concept is clear. Ultimately; he defines "American" as some permutation of pretense and dispossession. He recalls his father's skill as stoneworker with sandstone and mud to build pueblos - the time, persistence, patience, and the belief that the walls might stand forever (188). He believed working with his father influences his writing (189). Both are methods of continuity. Both are ways in which a people may hold near to themselves (187). Although writing is his profession, building is always his trade. McBride challenges common and popular notions of insular identities based on simplified racial categories in his book called The Color of Water: a Black Man's Tribute to His White Mother. He counters the notion that racial difference is the defining factor in the African American experience. His dominant narrative is that of self-discovery through the rediscovery of ancestry. Ultimately; he defines "American" as a combination of eclecticism and hardship. This book is written uniquely. Chapter by chapter, it toggles between his mother's experiences of growing up in America with his own. His mother details the strict rules of Orthodox Judaism and how they affected her (16). Although his mother is white, she lives in a black world and refuses to acknowledge her whiteness (37). James lives in a home of "orchestrated chaos" (66). He sees his house as a combination three-ring circus and zoo. He describes some of his siblings - his sister Helen, the rebel; Rosetta, the resident queen of th e house; his brother Dennis, the civil rights activist and artist with aspirations of becoming a doctor. The whites at his mother Ruth's school hated Jews, and in public, James becomes ashamed of his white mother (98). 1n 1941, Ruth's Bubeh died. Ruth decided to return to New York (155). Her father tried to get her to stay; she refused. He told her that if she married a black man, she could never come home again. In 1992, while standing in front of a synagogue in Suffolk, James acknowledges his own connection to the synagogue and to Judaism (189). Abu-Jaber reveals tensions between American and Jordanian cultures in a work called The Language of Baklava: a Memoir. In it, she counters the notion that one Americanizes in some sterile standardized way. For example, her father learns to hail strangers greeting men and women alike with the same greeting: "Hey, bud!" As such, she I grows up thinking of all Americans as Bud (34). Abu-Jaber tells the story of growing up in upstate New York with periodic transplants to Jordan. Her dominant narrative seems to be stories of being raised by a food-loving Jordanian father and Bedouin tents. She completes her work with recipes illuminating American and Jordanian and painting the complex portrait of her displaced father who cooked as a method of continuing the past with the present. Ultimately; she defines "American" as being like her father's relationship with food. His daughters knowing how to feed themselves and others in ways that help define them as people. Drawing from my own personal

Research Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Analysis - Assignment Example st establish those patients who lack self-care confidence and then direct more effort towards building self-care confidence in them using specific education interventions. The introduction/background section provided by Britz and Dunn (2010) does not formally introduce the research question. However, after carefully exploring the introduction, this paper was able to establish the research question, which is: In this article, Britz and Dunn (2010) formally presented the hypothesis. The author asserts that those patients with heart failure and who demonstrates self-care ability are expected to improve their healthcare outcomes. This hypothesis emanates from both previous studies as well as the model used in this study. Since it is a qualitative research, the researcher developed the hypothesis using grounded theory. The use of qualitative approaches provided a platform that researchers in various disciplines borrowed to complete work effectively. Qualitative approaches identify research issues without subjectivity. For instance, using such techniques, a case is looked at individually and therefore, it is possible to make accurate conclusions. Understanding of complex human systems such as the family and communities has grown due to the benefits accrued from qualitative methods. Certain patterns of behavior have been described and based upon these patterns of behavior, action could be take n. Grounded theory refers to a theory routed in data. The researcher interprets the raw data and then, through systematic analysis creates a theory. Grounded theory is derived from four central criteria: fit, understanding, generality and control. Fit occurs when the theory fits the substantive data. In other words, the theory must be based upon the presence of valid data. Understanding occurs when the theory is comprehensible by all researchers involved in the study. Generality occurs when the presented theory is applicable within a variety of contexts. Control entails the

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Starbucks Essay In 1971, Starbucks was founded on a love for coffee and 42 years later you can still go in and expect the same delicious cup of steaming hot coffee from your local store, served to you from a friendly face. Starbucks mission is â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time. Today, with more than 18,000 stores in 62 countries, Starbucks is the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in the world. And with every cup, we strive to bring both our heritage and an exceptional experience to life. † (http://www. starbucks. com/about-us/our-heritage). They offer the best roasted coffee, handcrafted beverages; coffee experience products, excellence service and innovation, plus they are dedicated to produce a great coffee experience to customers. (Starbucks, 2011) The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze Starbucks’ organizational structure and the best form of organizational structure that best fits Starbucks with an emphasis on Job description and Job Specification for a Starbucks employee. I will also try to determine the form of departmentalization that should be used, as well as whether centralization or decentralization of power should be used in light of the recent financial struggles they’ve had. Lastly, I will attempt to determine which organizational configuration best fits Starbucks. Job description is defined as â€Å"a formal lists of tasks and duties† and Job specification is defined as â€Å"a list of eligibility requirements or qualifications needed to perform a job† (Reilly, Minnick Baack. 2011). These definitions will be used in creating a position for a new employee. Job Description: If you love coffee and helping people than you just might be perfect for this job! At Starbucks, we strive to provide a much needed service in today’s busy world. At Starbucks you can learn all about different coffee beans from all over the world and help in developing a great working team. You will be trained in what it means to thoroughly enjoy your job, the people you work with in a clean and safe environment and to enjoy working with the best coffee you can imagine. Job Specification: Develop a working knowledge of all products we offer. Maintain a clean and friendly store. Maintain a professional attitude and your composure should the store become busier than usual. Anticipates customer and store needs. Be Flexible with shifts and days that you can work. Starbucks should be using is departmentalization by geographic region. Starbuck locations are all over the United States. Starbucks uses a matrix configuration by combining divisional and functional structures. Divisional structure is used in multi-product or multi-market operations. Starbucks fall into this structure by having so many different beverages and items on the menu. When putting out so many different items one has to specialize in those items. Starbucks trains their employees to know every item inside and out. You cannot have one person who can make one drink and nit another. They use functional structure to stay organized activities such as coordination, supervision and task allocation. With 18,000 stores it takes many teams to stay updated of everything that is going on in the market. Starbucks hires people who specialize in marketing strategy to keep them on top of the market. The form should be changed in the stores that serve lunch because the structure of the work changes. It becomes more of a machine bureaucracy in that it is highly routine in making drinks as well as sandwiches and salads. When you have to repeat something many times you are working like a machine. Starbucks has decentralized authority because they created decision-making for each manager. There are also lots of stores around the world and each store has different from the authority, managers, and customers. This also allows for employees to be able to give their thoughts, opinions, and ideas. If the company uses their ideas they are rewarded. It also allows for the lines of communication to stay open between employees and managers which allows for a friendly working environment. Starbucks is making sure that it is here to stay. By surrounding itself and its team members with the best training and communication they stand out against all competitors. Yes, other will try to stand up against the designer coffee label but when it comes down to it Starbucks is finding new ways to stay at the top. With being in different regions they have created an evening atmosphere where you can drop in after work, with friends, after yoga, by yourself, after a long day or after a great day. The food is amazing. The wine selection is simple and smart (www. starbucks. com/coffeehouse/starbucks-stores/starbucks-evenings). Starbucks will change the structure of the business as many times as it takes to make it work for them. You never know they may create things that work for them that do not work for other coffee shops. REFERENCES Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , Baack, D. (2011). The five functions of effective management. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. https://starbucks. com https://starbucks. com/about-us/out-heritage.

Aspects of Health and Health Promotion

Aspects of Health and Health Promotion 1) Exercise, in addition to promoting a general feeling of physical well being and aiding weight loss, actually confers protection against disease. Exercise decreases the incidence of coronary heart disease (Powell, 1987). The exercise, to be effective for cardiac protection, needs to be sufficient to increase the cardiac output for some fifteen minutes, and it needs to be taken on a regular basis two or three times a week. Exercise is generally good for health and there are numerous documented health benefits (RCP, 1991). A Mediterranean diet is one which is rich in vegetables, fruit, fish and cereals as well as being accompanied by a small intake of red wine. The amount of red meat is fairly modest as also is the dairy intake. There is evidence that such a diet taken by older people actually prolongs their survival (Trichopoulou, 2005). This study was carried out as a part of the wider EPIC study which investigates the effects of lifestyle on cancer and on other chronic diseases (Riboli, 2002). 2) Obesity is an increasing public health issue in the UK today since an increasing proportion of the population is becoming overweight. Obesity is defined objectively as a body mass index of 30 or more kg/m2. The body mass index is calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres. As the body mass index rises so the risk of type 2 diabetes also increases (Colditz, 1990). Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem in that it predisposes an individual to a variety of illnesses particularly coronary heart disease. Additionally an increased proportion of saturated fat in the diet is linearly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes (Krentz, 2001) and so it is not just a high body mass index but other aspects of the diet itself which predispose to ill health. Smoking is strongly associated with lung cancer and actual mortality from lung cancer in addition to increased incidence and mortality from other cancers (Doll, 1994). The amount of cigarettes smoked correlates with the degree of risk (Doll, 1994). Smoking also increases mortality from coronary artery disease and stroke (Doll, 1994). Of people who smoke regularly one half will die of a smoking related disorder (Doll, 1994). In evaluating the effects of smoking the Health Education Authority (HEA) (1991) reports that smoking kills 110 000 people each year in the UK. This means that smoking causes one in every six deaths. The HEA (1991) reports that 225 000 hospital admissions annually are due to smoking. 3) When evaluating an individual’s or even one’s own lifestyle, with regard to health, areas of behaviour that could be improved can be further evaluated. For instance there is the danger aspect of the lifestyle for example with abuse of drugs. Such a lifestyle of drug addiction is very likely to be associated with much health morbidity and social disadvantage and in addition a high likelihood of drug related death. Other aspects of an unhealthy lifestyle to consider are the ease with which a change can be made to the specific factor. For instance there might not be the financial means to move from a polluted inner city home or to join an expensive gym. Priority setting should take account of the danger aspect and changes in these life style aspects should be enacted without delay. Stopping smoking radically reduces the risk of developing lung cancer and stopping smoking before middle age avoids 90 per cent of the smoking related health risks (Peto, 2000). Stopping smoking improves the individual’s general quality of life with fewer reports of illness (Parrott 2004). If will power cannot overcome the addiction to nicotine then nicotine replacement medication can be given in a variety of ways and is likely to prove beneficial in breaking the habit (Parrott, 2004). Losing excess weight will improve health. This has been evaluated by Chambers (2002) as a ten per cent body weight loss in an obese person being associated with more than a 30 per cent reduction in risk of diabetic related death. It is also associated with a decrease in blood pressure and a decrease in triglyceride and harmful cholesterol. There is a corresponding increase in the beneficial high density lipoprotein within the blood. 4) Naidoo (2000) describes five health promotion methods. Although they have some overlap they each have a different emphasis. The medical method is largely a preventative one. The educational method improves people’s knowledge whilst the behavioural approach concentrates on altering patterns of behaviour so that the individual learns by doing. Empowerment encourages ownership of problems and self determination to do something about them. The social change is important to create an environment which fosters healthy choices. To assist the smoker in giving up it is the educational and behavioural approaches that are the most appropriate. However the social aspect whereby smoking has become less acceptable also plays an important role. Additionally the legislation making it much more difficult to smoke in public places and the heavy taxation on tobacco also goes some way towards discouraging the habit. The same three methods are important in achieving weight loss in obese people. The behavioural approach also involves some aspect of education and so any evaluation of the effects that are solely due to the behavioural approach are difficult. The educational method of health promotion can be broken down further into the three areas of understanding, attitudes and skills (Naidoo, 2000). The effects of the education approach itself are relatively easy to evaluate by studying the patient’s knowledge before and after an educational intervention. 5) Information leaflets are available at general practitioner’s surgeries and within hospitals giving information about smoking cessations and how to get help with pharmacological agents when necessary. The suitability will vary according to the patient’s needs and attitude at the time of seeing the leaflet. A particularly useful approach is where, as is the case with cigarette smoking, there is health promotion material in a variety of formats for instance also including a website. Advice and information on the advisability or being an appropriate weight for one’s height is also available in a number of formats. When evaluating material on an internet site it is important for the source to be acknowledged and for the site to be continually kept up to date (Ewles, 2004). The Government generated slogan â€Å"eat five a day† is designed to reinforce the message that eating fruit and vegetables in the diet is advantageous for health and it promotes a higher intake of these foods. It is a short catchy message which has been widely disseminated in a number of formats. It has reached a very wide audience and is likely to be increasing peoples’ intake of fruit and vegetables. The message is short and confined to increased intake of particular foods but does not encompass within its message that these foods should be eaten instead of high fat or high sugar content foods. If the message had incorporated a slogan about food substitution it might have had more effect on obesity. 6) Fear can be a motivator for instance the knowledge that drink driving is a strict liability offence and will result in the removal of the individual’s driving licence and resulting major inconvenience and also social stigma. Shock can be a motivating factor for instance the television advertisements in the drink driving campaigns leading up to Christmas are often designed to present the message in an emotive way to really bring home to the individual the grief that drink driving can bring about. The health belief model (Naidoo, 2000) suggests that people need to have a trigger or an event in order to change their behaviour. The theory of reasoned action (Ajzen, 1980) encompasses the individual actually weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of changing together with a desire to conform to what every one else is doing. The conformity aspect is particularly important within this theory. The social learning theory (Bandura, 1977) involves outcome expectations and belief in the ability to make the change. This is particularly pertinent to the decision by an obese person to lose weight. 7) To maintain the change the health promotion messages need to be kept up and be consistent. A change in the behaviour of others coupled with changes in social attitudes (for instance in giving up smoking) may be helpful.The messages about not smoking from advertising and messages for instance in soap operas by actors refusing cigarettes will still have an effect on the individual who has given up smoking. It is likely that such messages as well as being noticed by the ex-smoker will have particular meaning for them and act as continual motivators to their healthier lifestyle. Once a change in behaviour has come about, for instance eating a better diet or not smoking, the health benefits of actually feeling better and more attractive may be motivators to maintaining the improved behaviour. These motivating factors may constitute a resistance to change as behaviour becomes set in the new way (Lewin 1951). References Ajzen I Fishbein M 1980 Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Prentice Hall. Bandura A 1977 Social learning theory. Prentice Hall. Chambers R Wakley G 2002 Obesity and overweight matters in primary care. Radcliffe. Oxford Colditz GA Willett WC Stampfer MJ et al 1990 American Journal of Epidemiology 132 501-13. Doll R Peto R Wheatley R 1994 Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years observation on male British doctors. British Medical Journal 309 901-11 Ewles l Simnett 2004 Promoting health a practical guide 5th edition Bailliere Tindall London Health Education Authority (1991) The smoking epidemic: counting the cost in England and Wales. HEA. London Krentz AJ Bailey CJ 2001 Type 2 diabetes in practice. Royal Society of Medicine Press London. Lewin K 1951 Field theory in social science; selected theoretical papers. Harper and Row New York Naidoo J Wills J 2000 Health promotion foundations for practice 2nd edition Bailliere Tindall London Parrott S Godfrey C 2004 ABC of smoking cessation. British Medical Journal 328 947-9 Peto R Darby S Doe H 2000 Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case control studies. British Medical Journal 321 323-9 Powell KE Thompson PD Caspersen CJ et al 1987 Physical activity and the incidence of CHD. Annual review of Public Health 8 253-87. RCP (Royal College of Physicians) 1991 medical aspects of exercise: benefits and risks. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians. 25 193-6. Riboli E Hunt KJ Slimani N 2002 European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC) study populations and data collection. Public Health Nutr 1113-24 Trichopoulou A Orfanos P Norat T et al 2005 modified Mediterranean diet and survival: EPIC-elderly prospective cohort study BMJ 330 991

Learning Styles and the Brain Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

How Did You Know That?!Learning Styles and the Brain Although most commonly framed in academic contexts, learning style lies at the foundation of individual identity and development. Learning, "the process of acquiring knowledge about the world" (1) and learning style, "...the sum of the patterns of how individuals develop habitual ways of responding to experience" (2) reflect an array of attitudes, emotional responses, preferences and habits. It is the basis of how we interact with, process and are subsequently affected by inputs from our environment. In addition to providing a general overview of learning styles, this paper makes the claim that distinctions resulting from these models support the existence of the I-function. A preliminary understanding of learning styles requires some knowledge of brain functioning. Currently, specific cerebral locations are associated with particular functions. The left and right hemispheres of the brain employ different strategies that classify individuals as either analytic (left) or global (right) learners. "A successive processor (left) prefers to learn in a step-by-step sequential format, beginning with details leading to a conceptual understanding of a skill. A simultaneous processor (right) prefers to learn beginning with the general concept and then going on to specifics." (2) Constructing learning style along these lines has dictated classroom methods for decades. Traditional pedagogy has long favored the left-sided student, emphasizing accurate, rational and sequential thought. Right-sided learners, with a proclivity towards a spontaneous, random, and visual style, possess a mode that is undervalued and often stifled. Current theories of human learning contend that learni... ...ciously change these things, or appreciate how much of who we are is already rooted in the nervous system awaiting the opportunity for expression. Learning models enable students and educators to assess individual learning styles and to tailor strategies and experiences accordingly. Understanding the neuro-biological aspects of learning could provide critical insight for issues such as learning disabilities. Culture affects what particular style is fostered and preferred. Insight into this aspect of learning style might contribute towards understanding inequalities in the educational system that result, for example, in higher dropout rates for minority students, and make educational reform a more attainable goal. Internet Sources: http://www.brains.org/path.htm http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~stjohn/bbs.abstract.html http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~epritch1/impnexp.htm Learning Styles and the Brain Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers How Did You Know That?!Learning Styles and the Brain Although most commonly framed in academic contexts, learning style lies at the foundation of individual identity and development. Learning, "the process of acquiring knowledge about the world" (1) and learning style, "...the sum of the patterns of how individuals develop habitual ways of responding to experience" (2) reflect an array of attitudes, emotional responses, preferences and habits. It is the basis of how we interact with, process and are subsequently affected by inputs from our environment. In addition to providing a general overview of learning styles, this paper makes the claim that distinctions resulting from these models support the existence of the I-function. A preliminary understanding of learning styles requires some knowledge of brain functioning. Currently, specific cerebral locations are associated with particular functions. The left and right hemispheres of the brain employ different strategies that classify individuals as either analytic (left) or global (right) learners. "A successive processor (left) prefers to learn in a step-by-step sequential format, beginning with details leading to a conceptual understanding of a skill. A simultaneous processor (right) prefers to learn beginning with the general concept and then going on to specifics." (2) Constructing learning style along these lines has dictated classroom methods for decades. Traditional pedagogy has long favored the left-sided student, emphasizing accurate, rational and sequential thought. Right-sided learners, with a proclivity towards a spontaneous, random, and visual style, possess a mode that is undervalued and often stifled. Current theories of human learning contend that learni... ...ciously change these things, or appreciate how much of who we are is already rooted in the nervous system awaiting the opportunity for expression. Learning models enable students and educators to assess individual learning styles and to tailor strategies and experiences accordingly. Understanding the neuro-biological aspects of learning could provide critical insight for issues such as learning disabilities. Culture affects what particular style is fostered and preferred. Insight into this aspect of learning style might contribute towards understanding inequalities in the educational system that result, for example, in higher dropout rates for minority students, and make educational reform a more attainable goal. Internet Sources: http://www.brains.org/path.htm http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~stjohn/bbs.abstract.html http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~epritch1/impnexp.htm

Clothing in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay -- essays research pa

Clothing: A Form of Rebellion â€Å"Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used by the author to represent abstract ideas or concepts.† Symbolism in literature is the depth and hidden meaning in any piece of work. The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a powerful and evocative novel laced with symbolism. The most obvious is the symbol of the scarlet letter itself, representing Hester’s sin of adultery. Hawthorne’s other symbols are less obvious and are very often obscured in the novel. Clothing is an important but often forgotten symbol in The Scarlet Letter. Clothing is defined as â€Å"garments collectively, clothes, raiment, apparel†¦ a covering† (dictionary.com). The second part of the definition, which describes clothing as â€Å"a covering† is the most relevant to its symbolism in the novel (dictionary.com). Hester is a seamstress and uses it as her source of income to support herself and her daughter Pearl. Hester uses clothing as a covering or escape from her sentence of having to wear the scarlet letter on her bosom all the time. The connotation of the word throughout the novel is a form of rebellion. Her work supplies an outlet for Hester’s artistic sensibilities, which she exercises in the work she does for others and in the clothes she embroiders for Pearl. With Pearl’s attire, Hester can give â€Å"the gorgeous tendencies of her imagination their full play† (Scarlet). Hester dresses Pearl in bright colors rather than the dark, drab colors that were so prevalently worn in Puritan society. In Chapter 1, the beginning scene of the novel, Hawthorne describes a group of Puritans in front of the prison. They were wearing â€Å"sad-colored garments and gray†¦hats.† Some were wearing hoods (Scarlet 42). Already Hawthorne is sh... ...l anyone of his crime. Moreover, clothing has vague significance because the reverend is wearing a black veil, like Chillingworth who wears black all the time, and that gives insight to his evil nature. In conclusion, clothing is used for multiple reasons in the novel. Hester uses it as a form of rebellion, it is her way to express her feelings through garments. In addition, it is her way of rebelling against Puritan society, by dressing Pearl in colors much not the norm to the society. In addition, clothing is also used to reflect character and situation in the novel. The clothes worn by Chillingworth and by the witch foreshadow their character. Colors of clothing are also important. The use of bright colors, such as crimson, and gold conveys how dissimilar Hester and Pearl are viewed by the Puritan society, which generally dresses in plain, emotionless colors.

First Great Awakening

Revival history is an interesting topic and one that can be explored at great depths. Revivals of the past, if looked at through the right lens, can awaken hope and desire for God to move again, even in the darkest times. Revivals show us that God is still very much active and interested in His people. The Father desires that we would know Him as a real Person and who loves to make Himself known through His Son Jesus. I wrote my paper on the First Great Awakening mainly because I am from New England and I have a passion to see the church set ablaze again in that area.The heritage is so rich in that land and I believe that the Lord would love to encounter His people again with a great spiritual awakening. Below, I will go over the Great Awakening in detail discussing the dates, location, key leaders, scope of impact, main features, main message, controversial aspects, principles learned, and our application for today. The First Great Awakening was a religious revitalization movement t hat took place in the northeast, mainly in the New England area.The Great Awakening spread throughout the colonies on the eastern seaboard. The dates of when the First Great Awakening began vary due to the opinion of the chosen historian. Most say that the dates begin somewhere in the early 1700’s – 1740’s. The earliest stirrings of revival were recorded in the 1730’s in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The next noticeable move of God was in Northampton, Mass around 1734 – 36. The final thrust of awakening took place   in the 1740s with the arrival of the powerful orator and itinerant speaker, George Whitefield.A contributor to the National Humanities Center validates these claims by informing, â€Å"The earliest manifestations of the American phase of this phenomenon—the beginnings of the First Great Awakening—appeared among Presbyterians in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Led by the Tennent family—Reverend William Tennent, a Scot s-Irish immigrant, and his four sons, all clergymen—the Presbyterians not only initiated religious revivals in those colonies during the 1730s but also established a seminary to train clergymen whose fervid, heartfelt preaching would bring sinners to experience evangelical conversion.Originally known as â€Å"the Log College,† it is better known today as Princeton University. †1 When looking historically at the Great Awakening, many may not recognize that the hand of the Lord was already starting to awaken hunger for revitalization of religion before the man Jonathan Edwards came on the scene. While serving as the new local congregational minister of a Northampton church, Jonathan Edwards noticed the spiritual dullness and condition of the town. He wrote this quote: â€Å"Just after my grandfather's death, it seemed to be a time of extraordinary dullness in religion.Licentiousness for some years prevailed among the youth of the town; they were many of them very much addicted to night-walking, and frequenting the tavern and lewd practices, wherein some, by their example, exceedingly corrupted others. † 2 Afterward, Jonathan was moved to the point of calling the young people to gather into small groups to join for prayer and a time of discussion. The next recognized stirrings began in December 1734 of Northampton, Massachusetts. Two well known young people died in the town and the population began to become concerned with death, life after death, eternity and other spiritual matters.In this stirring context, Edwards began preaching a teaching series on Justification by faith alone. It was at this point that six young people were converted. One of whom was a young girl who was said to be known by many young men in the town, meaning she was very immoral. The town of Northampton was shaken to its very core and three hundred more conversions took place following the initial 6. With the entire town boasting 1,100 people, this equates to 25% of the population getting saved. About a year later in 1736, the town went back to normal mainly due to the suicide of Jonathan Edward's uncle.The next wave of revival to hit New England was in 1740 upon the revival of George Whitefield. He was another key figure and leader during this great spiritual awakening and stirring. George at one point spoke to 30,000 people in England. The night before he died he saw that 2,000 people had gathered out his home so he went to his balcony and preached on the excellencies of Christ. The key leaders of the Great Awakening as mentioned previously were Gilbert Tennent, Jonathan   Edwards and George Whitefield. Gilbert Tennent was born in 1703 in Ireland and was the son of William Tennent.Gilbert had immigrated to the United States in 1718 and lived in Pennsylvania. After wrestling over his salvation during his teen years he was converted at 20 years old in 1723. It was only three years later that he was ordained as a Presbyterian minister. Ten net was a stirring speaker and from his sermons he led many into a conversion experience. In 1739 Gilbert met George Whitefield and went on tour with him throughout New England. They both shared a great passion for revival. While on tour Gilbert introduced George to many different ministers which aided in making the tour a great success.When George returned to England, Tennet continued on with preaching throughout New England and from these speaking engagements little revivals sparked. The revivals in New England were scattered but aided in creating what we now call â€Å"The Great Awakening†. Jonathan Edwards, a native to the New England area was born in East Windsor, Connecticut on October 5, 1703. Jonathan grew up as the only son out of 11 children. From a young age he lived a life of prayer and study in the word. He also studied many topics and was one of the most brilliant minds to be produced on American soil.Edward’s didn’t have his actual conversion expe rience until January 12, 1723. Jonathan studied the bible 13 – 14 hours a day and wrote over 120 pieces of literature which many can still be found. Edward’s was bold in his proclamation of the truth and didn’t not shy away from it even when it was uncomfortable for the people. Edward’s desire for doctrinal purity is admirable and the dedication and devotion given to it is worth reduplicating. George Whitefield was born on December 16, 1714 in Gloucester England. George was the youngest of seven children.He was not raised in a Christian home but rather one that was dysfunctional. His father passes away when he was at the mere age of two. His mother did eventually remarry but it was indicated that the marriage was not peaceful. In 1733 Whitefield met the infamous ‘Wesley brothers† while studying at Pembroke College in Oxford. John and Charles Wesley at that time were leading what is known as the Holy Clubs and before Whitefield even had his con version experience he was apart of the holy clubs for 3 years. The schedule was one that was very rigors and it must have been the hand of the Lord to keep him enough content to stay.It took a very serious illness to confront him on his internal state while in England. Whitefield’s accomplishments are quite amazing he pioneered open air, square and field meetings. The church walls were filled to beyond capacity and thousands had to be turned away from hearing him. The scope of impact of the great awakening was a watershed event in the life of the American people. Before it was over it had spread throughout the colonies of the eastern seaboard. The revival had great impact on the church and saw 1000’s of sinners saved.The revival did more than effect the spiritual climate it also had an impact on the social and governmental levels. A contributor from a website dedicated to the Great Awakening gives more details on the scope of impact â€Å"The effect of Great Awakening unity was an attitude that went against the deferential thinking that consumed English politics and religion. Rather than believing that God's will was necessarily interpreted by the monarch or his bishops, the colonists viewed themselves as more capable of performing the task. The chain of authority no longer ran from God to ruler to people, but from God to people to ruler.The children of revivalism later echoed this radicalism and popular self-righteousness in the American Revolution, when self-assertion turned against the tyrannical ways of George III. It was not to any church that the signers of the Declaration of Independence appealed to, but directly to the â€Å"Supreme Judge of the World†. It was through the revivalism of the first half of the Eighteenth Century that the colonists were finally able to step out from under the protectorate of the established Christian churches and assert religious control over their own nation's destiny. In other words the Colonists re alized that religious freedom and power rested in their own hands and not in the church of England anymore. Some of the main features of the Great Awakening were men and women turning away from religious apathy and turning back to their puritan roots. Others who were not saved were being confronted with their need for a savior and the reality of eternity. Upon and from the arrival of George Whitefield in 1740 to Northampton Massachusetts where Edward’s resided the awakening spread wherever George went as he was an itinerant speaker who spoke mainly in open fields.One of the most famous messages was preached on July 8, 1741 in Enfield, Connecticut titled â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God†. The revival was titled the â€Å"Great Awakening† with good reason as it was a movement of religious revitalization within and outside of the church. The people of the towns had an understanding of faith as they or their father’s had come from England to have fr eedom of expression in their worship. But they had turned apathetic especially with the entrance of the Half Way Covenant.Essentially people who were baptized and lived half way decent lives but made no public confession of Christ were allowed to bring their children in to be baptized which led to people who did not profess to being Christians partaking of the Lord's Supper. This over time created a church that was disconnected from their state of desperation and need for a savior to save them from their sin. The main message was about justification by faith. Men and women were cut to the heart as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield spoke to them the word God.They could not be saved by works alone but it must be an inner working of the heart and faith in Jesus Christ alone. The preachers were calling them up higher from just a Sunday morning church goer mentality. One of the main controversial aspects of the Great Awakening was the phenomena that took place during some of the ser vices. Much opposition was stirred among conservative congregational ministers so Edwards wrote in defense â€Å"The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God† dealing with much of the bodily affects.He noted that these bodily affects were not necessarily a work of the spirit which forced him to write another apology in 1742 called â€Å"Thoughts on Revival in New England† noting the great moral improvement. Another one of the controversies which is still around to this day is the called the Old Lights and New Lights. The New Lights were those congregants who had a new light or perspective on sin and atonement. They were also those who also felt that the revival was from the Lord and that they would be able to continue in that kind of environment.The old lights were ones that did not like or enjoy change but wanted to keep things the way that they were. They were skeptical of the revival and depending upon which branch of the denomination they were from they took a stance with their view point. The old lights were also apprehensive because they were afraid that the new lights would act in rebellion and that they may possibly be a threat to authority.1http://nationalhumanitiescenter. org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/grawaken. htm  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   2Edwards,   Ã‚  Ã‚   Jonathan. A   Ã‚  Ã‚   Narrative of Surprising Conversions. Wilmington, DE: Sovereign Grace Publ. , 1972. Print.

Cumulative Grade Point Average Cgpa Education Essay

This chapter consists of seven subdivisions. The first subdivision explains the background of the survey. The 2nd subdivision contains the job statement of this survey whereas the 3rd subdivision states the research aims ; which are the general and specific aims. The range of this survey is explained in the 4th subdivision while the research restrictions are explained in the 5th subdivision. Last, the significance of the survey is shown in the 6th subdivision and the decision is elaborated in the last subdivision.1.2 Background of surveyTraditionally, university pupils have subscribed to the belief that academic is of import to larn. National instruction depends on academic accomplishment because it portrays the success and failure of instruction in a state. Harmonizing to Dambudzo ( 2009 ) , late, the society has focused and emphasised more on academic accomplishment of its citizen. From that we can infer the importance of academic excellence. The grounds of success in a pupil is measured through his Accumulative Grade Point Average ( CGPA ) at the National Defense University of Malaysia ( NDUM ) therefore pupils compete one another for a higher GCPA. In a survey conducted by Oh ( 1999 ) , it was found that there is a relationship between religionism degree and academic accomplishment where high school pupils who had a high degree of religionism were more likely to hold a higher GPA than the nonreligious pupils. Several surveies at high school degree examined the addition of educational accomplishment to individual ‘s religionism ( Regnerus, 2000 ) . Therefore, religionism is of import and every pupil must hold it. NDUM is a military university but it non an alibi for the pupils in non keeping their religionism because through the research by Schumbel et Al. ( 2009 ) , religionism has been identified as an â€Å" of import construct to see in pupils ‘ academic development † . Islam positions instruction as a spiritual responsibility and an obligatory for every homo who are Muslim. In Islam, the prophesier Muhammad went through the procedure of acquisition, throughout Quran, Allah says â€Å" Read! In the Name of your Lord, who has created ( all that exists ) . Has created adult male from a coagulum. Read! And your Lord is the most generous, Who has taught ( the authorship ) by the pen, Has taught adult male that which he know non † ( Quran, 96, 1-5 ) . As Moslem pupils in NDUM, they must cognize their duties in instruction and strive hard to acquire high CGPA.1.3 Problem of statementNDUM is an Institution of Higher Education ( IPTA ) , once known as the Malaysian Armed Forces Academy ( ATMA ) . NDUM is categorised as a dress shop university because NDUM acts as an administration that is responsible for carry oning programmes of survey at undergraduate degree and military preparations. Therefore, there are topics affecting the military such as milit ary jurisprudence, military history, defence economic sciences, and defence engineering. Harmonizing to the general conditions and particular conditions to come in NDUM by the Academic Management of NDUM, the making to acquire into NDUM is tough and merely those who are first-class in SPM deserve to foster their surveies in NDUM. However, based on random informations of CGPA from officer plebe Tuah ‘s Battalion, there are 17 officer plebe still got CGPA below than & lt ; 2.5. The cardinal job of NDUM officer plebe pupils is why they can non execute during their surveies in NDUM. The past decennary has seen a considerable sum of argument on the effects of faith in the private sector and instruction. But, the larger argument is more focussed on the effects of private spiritual schools on the academic accomplishment of kids ( Chubb & A ; Moe, 1990 ) . Some of societal scientists believe faith as a factor to assist kids get the better of many of these challenges so that they excel both academically and socially ( Jeynes, 1999 ) . Then, several surveies have estimated that pupils who are without religionism are easier to affect with hazardous behavior and it can impact their academic accomplishment ( Adams, n.d. ) , so the degree of persons ‘ religionism among the pupils in NDUM is the job of the survey. Previous surveies by Elias, Awang, and Mohamed ( 2005 ) have shown that religionism is non correlated to academic accomplishment. So, it is good that the relationship between religionism and academic accomplishment is reviewed. Furthermore, the survey of single Muslim religionism is rare in research and it contributes as a job for this research.1.4 Objective of surveyThe aims of this survey are: To analyze the degree of plebes ‘ single religionism towards academic accomplishment. To analyze the relationship between intrinsic religionism and academic accomplishment. To find the relationship between extrinsic religionism and academic accomplishment.1.5 Scope of surveyThere are many researches that investigated the relationship between religionism and academic accomplishment. So far, most of the researches are on the Christian position and other faiths but non Islam. This paper will reexamine on NDUM Muslim plebes pupil in twelvemonth one, two, and three of Defense Human Resource Management Faculty. This survey besides will detect the causes that can impact academic accomplishment. It is hoped that the result of this survey can better Muslim plebes academic accomplishment. NDUM besides can take an action to advance and heighten faith importance to pupils ‘ lives and academic accomplishment.1.6 Research restrictionOne restriction is the focal point of this survey is limited to the single religionism in NDUM pupils towards academic accomplishment. This survey will non demo the other faiths ‘ effects on academic accomplishment of pupils i n NDUM. This paper besides did non assist overall faith of pupil at NDUM towards their academic accomplishment because it merely limited to NDUM Muslim plebes pupil in twelvemonth one, two, and three of Defense Human Resource Management Faculty. The chief restriction to this survey is that there are limited resources on Muslim faith towards academic accomplishment.1.7 Significance of surveyThis survey is of import to place the single religionism between the variables of the intrinsic and extrinsic toward academic accomplishment in NDUM. On the consequence will be cod can shown the effects of religionism to better the academic accomplishment among Moslem pupils in NDUM. In add-on, this survey can give academic direction of NDUM chance to better pupils ‘ public presentation in surveies. Therefore, this survey can be literature reappraisal for other people to acquire cognize about Muslim pupils towards academic public presentation. It is of import to place the intrinsic and extrinsic single religionism towards academic accomplishments of pupils in this survey. The consequences will be able to demo the effects of holding religionism and it is predicted that religionism plays an of import function of bettering pupils ‘ accomplishment. It is hoped that this survey will add to the bing literature and the universe will acquire to cognize how faith ( Islam ) plays an of import function in the academe.1.8 DecisionIn this chapter, the research worker has spelled out the background of survey and explained that the coming chapters will discourse the effects of single religionism towards academic accomplishment. In general, this chapter besides explains the background of survey and its restrictions.Chapter 2Introduction2.1 IntroductionThis chapter has seven chief subdivisions. The first subdivision will specify the conceptual footings of single religionism. The 2nd subdivision will discourse about intrinsic spiritua l and 3rd subdivision discusses extrinsic spiritual. Fourth subdivision is academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) . The fifth, 6th and 7th subdivisions will be discoursing the related old surveies, theories or constructs that support the relationship. The last subdivision is the decision to this chapter.2.2. Conceptual Definitions of FootingsThis subdivision describes the conceptual definition of footings.2.2.1 ReligiosityReligiosity is known as a complex construct and is hard to specify. Harmonizing to Holdcroft ( 2006 ) religionism is an uncertainness and a complex issue because the nature of the English linguistic communication itself. For illustration, in Roget ‘s Thesaurus ( Kirkpatric, 1999 ) , religionism is found to be synonymous with such footings as devoutness, orthodoxy, religion, belief, piety, devotedness, and sanctity. These synonyms reflect dimensions of religionism instead than the footings of religionism itself. Psychologists might discussed religionism in footings of devotedness, sanctity, and piety, and sociologists described the construct of religionism in footings of church rank and church attending ( Cardwell, 1980 ) . The different usage of footings across academic subjects to place what could be thought of as similar dimensions of religionism makes it hard to discourse without an expressed definition from the point of view of spiritual instruction and the application of that cognition to the lived experience. Another ground for the complexity of religionism is every nearing religionism are from different vantage points, and few confer withing one another ( Cardwell, 1980 ) . In add-on, religionism is a complex construct in human phenomenon, and seems to cover overall portion in our life such as behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, feelings and experiences. The different footings in religionism make it difficult to sort the dimensions of religionism because every psychologists or research worker have their ain sentiment.2.2.1.1 IntrinsicAllport and Ross are the 1s who developed the intrinsic-extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale ( ROS ) based on Allport ‘s theoretical efforts. Based on old surveies by Allport & A ; Ross ( 1967 ) , it was distinguished those who viewed their pattern of faith as a end in itself ( intrinsic orientation ) from those who viewed it instrumentally ( extrinsic orientation ) . On doctrine surveies, Zimmerman ( 2010 ) claimed that the intrinsic is the value of somet hing which is said to be the value that that thing has â€Å" in itself, † or â€Å" for its ain interest, † or â€Å" as such, † or â€Å" in its ain right. † In add-on, Allport & A ; Ross ( 1967 ) assumed that to be a high intrinsic individual is to be a true truster in spiritual pattern for its ain interest. Then Holdcroft ( 2006 ) summarised Allport and Ross survey where he posited that a individual with intrinsic religionism is one who internalised the entire credo of his or her religion and moves beyond mere church attending. Therefore, Allport and Ross ( 1967 ) besides mentioned that intrinsic religionism refers to motivation originating from end set Forth by the spiritual tradition itself. Numerous surveies have shown that intrinsic spiritual is about human concern and how they pattern their faith for themselves.2.2.1.2 ExtrinsicExtrinsic religious is besides developed by Allport & A ; Ross ( 1967 ) . In their research, they interpreted extrinsic religionism as a self-seeking and useful mentality on faith that provides the trusters with comfort in redemption. Therefore, they besides claimed that the persons who are disposed to utili ze faith for their ain terminals, such as position, sociableness, and excuse, and frequently selectively determine a credo to suit their ain terminals. Based the reviewed by Powell & A ; Clarke ( n.d. ) on Allport and Ross extrinsic religionism, religionism was conceived as a devoutness that is instrumental in nature, with faith used as a means to obtain an mixture of ego functioning terminals, such as personal comfort and societal wagess of both the terrestrial and heavenly assortment. Furthermore, people who were found to consist a significant proportion of the spiritual population, use faith for its intra-psychic benefits, such as increased self-pride ( Tajfel & A ; Turner, 1986 ) . Other research worker such as ( Kirkpatrick, 1989 ) besides mentioned that extrinsic religionism is a flow from the societal indorsement of one ‘s values and social-cultural worldview.2.2.2 Academic AchievementAcademic accomplishment can be defined as self-perception and self-evaluation of one ‘s nonsubjective academic success ( Klobal & A ; Musek, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to the academic regulation book ( Bachelor Session of 2010/2011 ) , for the pupils who are analyzing at undergraduate degree at NDUM, they are subjected to the academic regulations of this university. Furthermore, academic accomplishment can be classified into two types measuring, grade point norm ( GPA ) and cumulative great point norm ( CGPA ) . Academic standing of pupils will be determined at the terminal of each regular semester with CGPA as shown in Table 1.Table 1 Academic StandingAcademic Standing Condition of CGPA Good Standing ( GS ) CGPA = 2.00 Conditional Standing ( CS ) 1.70 = CGPA & lt ; 2.00 Failed Position ( FS ) ( Retired ) CGPA & lt ; 1.702.3 Related Theory or Concept2.3.1 Religiosity Measurement on Intrinsic and Extrinsic DimensionsIn recent old ages, there has been an increasing sum of literature on religionism. There is a big volume of published surveies depicting the function of intrinsic and extrinsic religionism. However, Allport and Ross ( 1967 ) are the developer of the intrinsic-extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale ( ROS ) . Based on ROS, there are 11-items on the extrinsic graduated table to mensurate the extent to which persons use their faith for their ain terminals and a 9-item intrinsic graduated table to mensurate the extent to which persons live their faith.2.3.2 Religiosity Measurement on Intellectual DimensionsThe rational dimension of religionism is about religion and religion cognition. Glock and Stark ( 1965 ) stated that the five dimensions are related to rational dimensions. The dimensions are experiential, ritualistic, ideological, rational and eventful. These dimensions focus on personal religion, experience of ritualistic activity with community and a individual ‘s cognition toward faith. To proof their theory, Glock and Stark ( 1965 ) suggested to set the overall history of the faith in their literacy constituent of their trial.2.4 Research hypothesisThis research has two of import hypotheses which are: H1: Intrinsic religionism is positively related to academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) . H2: Extrinsic religionism is negatively related to academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) .2.5 Conceptual ModelFrom this conceptual model, the independent variable is single religionism whereas the dependant variable is academic accomplishment. Intrinsic and extrinsic religionism are straight formed single religionism. Independent Variable ( IV ) Dependent Variable ( DV )Figure 1: Conceptual Model2.6 Literature reappraisal2.6.1 Related Previous Study2.6.1.1 Scholastic Incentives and Educational Perceived Value ; the Role of Religion in Muslim Students ‘ Achievement Strivings by Ibrahim ( 2012 )This survey was conducted by Ibrahim, ( 2012 ) . It aimed to measure the perceptual experience factor and the function of faith in the Muslim pupils ‘ accomplishment nisuss at the matriculation pupils of the International Islamic University Malaysia. All respondents in this survey are from the 2nd twelvemonth where471 pupils were indiscriminately selected from the matriculation section at the International Islamic University. The method that was used in this survey is Rasch Analysis, which is to place whether religionism is the factor which controls respondents ‘ engagement in Academic exercises where it is followed by instrumentality ( long-run benefit ) or the public-service corporation fa ctor ( short-run benefit ) . Consequences of this survey showed that faith as one of the factor of major inducement of Muslim pupils towards academic exercisings, followed by long-run benefit.2.6.1.2 Examining Religiosity and Its Relationship to Self-Control, Procrastination and Academic Achievement by Elias et Al. ( 2005 )This research examined the relationship between Islamic religionism degree and ego control, cunctation, academic control and academic accomplishment by Elias et Al. ( 2005 ) . The survey was conducted in North University of Malaysia ; the respondents are 23 male and 122 female undergraduate pupils from research method category. The research worker examined the construct of will or ‘will-power ‘ from the Islamic position and compared it to the Western position. They use Muslim musabarah graduated table to mensurate an person ‘s degree of will harmonizing to Islamic position. The consequence is there are no important correlativities in both measuri ng of cunctation and between religionism and academic accomplishment but correlated to self-denial and sensed academic control.2.6.1.3 The Impact of Religiosity and Locus of Control on Academic Achievement in College Students by Adams ( n.d. )In the research by ( Adams, n.d. ) the relationship between religionism and venue of control on academic accomplishment in college pupils was examined. The respondents of this survey are 68 college pupils. The method that was used in this research is religiosity graduated table, venue of control graduated table, an academic accomplishment graduated table, and spiritual attitude graduated table. The concluding consequence found no relationship between venue of control and religionism utilizing the Rotter and Strayhorn graduated tables.2.6.1.4 The impact of faith on the educational accomplishment of Black male childs: A UK and USA survey by Byfield ( 2008 )Recently, Black boys in the United Kingdom and the USA have job with instruction. However, many Black male childs still can accomplish and get the better of the job. Therefore, Byfield ( 2008 ) did a research about the educationally successful Black males in the United Kingdom and the USA which involved 40 Black male pupils from both new and ancient universities. The intent of this survey is to bespeak whether faith is a conducive factor to the educational success of Black male pupils. The survey found that most of these pupils are spiritual and the church community plays a function to implement cultural and societal capital and their belief in God, it became important parts to these Black male pupils academic accomplishment.2.7 DecisionThis chapter has discussed the definitions of single religionism, intrinsic spiritual, extrinsic spiritual and academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) . Besides that, the old survey and related theory have been used to back up the direct relationship of single religionism and academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) . The undermentioned chapter will disc ourse the methodological analysis of the survey.Chapter 3Methodology3.1 IntroductionThis chapter is divided into six subdivisions. The first subdivision will discourse the debut while 2nd subdivision will discourse the research design in this survey. Data aggregation techniques will be discussed in the 3rd subdivision. The 4th subdivision will be on research location, population and trying while the 5th subdivision will be on the information analysis technique. The last subdivision is the decision of this chapter.3.2 Research DesignThis survey will utilize quantitative method. Quantitative method is the survey of utilizing informations in the signifier of Numberss. Form questionnaire will be distributed to the respondents and the replies will be received by the research worker and analyse through a quantitative analysis. The measurement tool that will be used is the statistical package that is the Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) . Five-point Likert graduated table w ill be used to analyze the relationship between single religionism and academic accomplishment.3.3 Data Collection MethodThe questionnaires will be distributed to the pupils by giving the signifiers to category representatives and they will assist administer and roll up the questionnaires during the larning procedure in the schoolroom. The pupils are asked to take some clip to make full out the questionnaire and reply the inquiries, and so return the completed questionnaires to their category representatives. Consequently, the research worker will reach the representatives to roll up the studies and so informations from the questionnaire will be analysed.3.4 Research SamplingThe research samples are NDUM Muslim plebes in twelvemonth one, two, and three Human Resource Management Faculty of Defense. The entire figure of cadet pupil is 182 pupils. Table 2 shows the figure of pupils in conformity with their several twelvemonth. This survey will utilize graded simple random sampling because NDUM Muslim plebes in twelvemonth one, two, and three of Defense Human Resource Management Faculty. Harmonizing to Uma & A ; Roger ( 2011 ) , stratified random sampling is to gauge the population parametric quantities of a group or subgroup. Table 2: The figure of cadet pupils harmonizing to their twelvemonth Old ages Entire Students 1 108 2 43 3 31 Entire 182Research InstrumentThe instrument to be used in this survey is a questionnaire. The instrument consists of Section A, Section B and Section C. Section A contains four inquiries in the signifier of personal and demographic features. These include age, gender, old ages of surveies, and last semester grade point norm ( CGPA ) . Section B contains 23 points refering the degree of single religionism in intrinsic and extrinsic factors utilizing Allport & A ; Ross ( 1967 ) measuring. In add-on, Section C consists of 5 points in the questionnaire related to academic accomplishment by Martha ( 2009 ) . The questionnaire will utilize Likert Scale which has 5 points from ‘Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree ‘ . 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree3.6 Data Analysis MethodData analysis method is the procedure where when all informations collected, it will analyze informations in phases by utilizing quantitative methods analysis. These methods are chosen to summarize the consequences of the questionnaire. Datas from the analysis of paperss and questionnaires will be analysed utilizing Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS version 19.0 ) .3.7 DecisionOverall, this chapter discusses the research design, informations aggregation method, research sampling, and research instrument and informations analysis method. The description of the research is based on the analysis of each point every bit good as all facets of the survey. All the consequences from the analysis of informations processed and analysed utilizing SPSS will be explained in item in Chapter 4.